•  
  •  
 

DOI

10.65844/2549-4333.1250

Abstract

This study explores the value chain of large cardamom in Tsirang, Bhutan, through a field survey of 260 households engaged in cardamom farming, using a semi-structured questionnaire. The findings reveal a relatively simple value chain: upstream actors include both male and female farmers who cultivate, harvest, and dry the cardamom, while downstream actors are primarily male local and regional traders who purchase, transport, store, and export the product. Women are largely confined to upstream roles, with limited or no participation in downstream activities. The relationship between farmers and traders is predominantly transactional, lacking formal contracts or advance financing. A cost-benefit analysis shows that producers earn lower net profits per kilogram (average selling price: INR 1,209.82/USD 14.41), whereas local and regional traders gain significantly higher margins (average selling prices: INR 1,742/USD 20.75 and INR 1,900/USD 22.63, respectively). Despite these disparities, income from cardamom plays a crucial role in enhancing various aspects of sustainable livelihoods and contributes meaningfully to the achievement of several Sustainable Development Goals. However, farmers face persistent challenges, including price instability, insufficient training, and pest and disease outbreaks, all of which undermine their income potential. Key recommendations to optimize and sustain the value chain include: capacity building for farmers, increased awareness and training on pest management, village-level infrastructure development, price stabilization mechanisms, and policy frameworks aimed at ensuring long-term income security for cardamom producers.

Additional Files
Questionnaire_(Lux)_Large_Cardamom.pdf (415 kB)
Supplementary File

Pages

255–271

Received Date

31 August 2025

Accepted Date

9 November 2025

Download

Share

COinS