Risk Analysis of Pesticide Exposure Associated with Reduced Cholinesterase Levels in Indonesian Farm Workers: A Meta-Analysis

Authors

R Azizah, Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, IndonesiaFollow
Juliana Jalaludin, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MalaysiaFollow
Muhammad Addin Rizaldi, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman University, Banyumas, IndonesiaFollow
Globila Nurika, Department of Public Health Faculty, Jember University, Jember, IndonesiaFollow
Mochammad Sholehhudin, Vocational Faculty of Airlangga University, Surabaya, IndonesiaFollow
Zaneta Aaqilah Salsabila, Public Health Student, Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, IndonesiaFollow
Zafira Nuha Naura, Raudlatul Jannah High School, Sidoarjo, IndonesiaFollow

Abstract

Pesticide exposure remains a major occupational health problem, with the World Health Organization (WHO) reporting between 1 and 5 million cases of pesticide poisoning annually among agricultural workers. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors associated with pesticide poisoning by conducting a meta-analysis of published research. The meta-analysis was performed in four stages: data abstraction, statistical analysis using JASP Version 0.18.3, heterogeneity testing, and publication bias assessment. The random-effects model was applied to the variables of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) use and length of work, as the heterogeneity test indicated significant variation between studies (p = 0.001). In contrast, the fixed-effects model was used for individual hygiene (p = 0.006). Egger’s test showed no indication of publication bias for PPE use (p = 0.356) and length of work (p = 0.395). The results revealed that PPE use increased the risk of decreased cholinesterase levels by 1.584 times, poor individual hygiene by 1.954 times, and working more than 5 hours by 1.665 times. In conclusion, individual hygiene was identified as the most significant risk factor. Farmers who neglect personal hygiene practices, such as bathing after spraying or changing clothes immediately, face a substantially greater risk of reduced cholinesterase levels due to pesticide poisoning.

Recommended Citation

Azizah, R; Jalaludin, Juliana; Rizaldi, Muhammad Addin; Nurika, Globila; Sholehhudin, Mochammad; Salsabila, Zaneta Aaqilah; and Naura, Zafira Nuha (2025) "Risk Analysis of Pesticide Exposure Associated with Reduced Cholinesterase Levels in Indonesian Farm Workers: A Meta-Analysis," Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia: Vol. 21: Iss. 2, Article 6.
DOI: 10.30597/mkmi.v21i2.43217
Available at: https://scholarhub.unhas.ac.id/mkmi/vol21/iss2/6

Pages

155-165

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License.

Rights

©2025by author

DOI

10.30597/mkmi.v21i2.43217